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COBOL 数据库接口

截至目前,我们已经学会了使用COBOL中的文件。现在,我们将讨论COBOL程序如何与DB2进行交互。它涉及以下术语:

  • Embedded SQL(嵌入式SQL)
  • DB2 Application Programming(DB2应用程序编程)
  • Host Variables(宿主变量)
  • SQLCA
  • SQL Queries(SQL查询)
  • Cursors(游标)

Embedded SQL(嵌入式SQL)

嵌入式SQL语句用于COBOL程序中以执行标准的SQL操作。在编译应用程序之前,嵌入式SQL语句由SQL处理器进行预处理。COBOL被称为Host Language(宿主语言)。 COBOL-DB2应用程序是包括COBOL和DB2的应用程序。

嵌入式SQL语句的工作原理与普通的SQL语句类似,但有一些小变化。例如,查询的输出定向到被称为Host Variables(宿主变量)的预定义变量集合。另外,INTO子句是放置在SELECT语句中。

DB2 Application Programming (DB2应用程序编程

以下是编写COBOL-DB2程序时要遵循的规则:

  • 所有SQL语句在EXEC SQLEND-EXEC之间必须分隔。

  • SQL语句必须在区域B中进行编码

  • 程序中使用的所有表必须在工作存储节(working-storage section)中声明。这是通过使用INCLUDE语句来完成的。

  • 除了INCLUDE和DECLARE TABLE之外的所有SQL语句都必须出现在过程部中。

Host Variables(宿主变量)

宿主变量用于从表中接收数据或在表中插入数据。必须为在程序和DB2之间传递的所有值声明宿主变量。它们在工作存储节中进行声明。

宿主变量不能是组项,但它们可能在宿主结构中组合在一起。它们不能被重命名重定义。将宿主变量与SQL语句一起使用,给它们添加前缀冒号(:)

语法

以下是在工作存储节中声明宿主变量并包含表的语法:

DATA DIVISION.
   WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
   
   EXEC SQL
   INCLUDE table-name
   END-EXEC.

   EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.
   
   01 STUDENT-REC.
      05 STUDENT-ID PIC 9(4).
      05 STUDENT-NAME PIC X(25).
      05 STUDENT-ADDRESS X(50).
   EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.

SQLCA

SQLCA是一个SQL通信区域,通过它DB2将SQL执行的反馈传递给程序。它告诉程序执行是否成功。在SQLCA下有一些预定义变量,如SQLCODE,其中包含错误代码。SQLCODE中的值“000”表示成功执行。

语法

以下是在工作存储节中声明SQLCA的语法:

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
	EXEC SQL
	INCLUDE SQLCA
	END-EXEC.

SQL Queries(SQL查询)

假设我们有一个名为“Student”的表,其中包含Student-Id,Student-Name和Student-Address。

STUDENT表包含以下数据:

Student Id		Student Name		Student Address
1001 			Mohtashim M.		Hyderabad
1002			Nishant Malik		Delhi
1003 			Amitabh Bachan		Mumbai
1004			Chulbul Pandey		Lucknow

以下示例显示了COBOL程序中SELECT查询的用法:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. HELLO.

DATA DIVISION.
   WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
   EXEC SQL
      INCLUDE SQLCA
   END-EXEC.
   
   EXEC SQL
      INCLUDE STUDENT
   END-EXEC.
   
   EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.
      01 WS-STUDENT-REC.
         05 WS-STUDENT-ID PIC 9(4).
         05 WS-STUDENT-NAME PIC X(25).
         05 WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS X(50).
   EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
   EXEC SQL
      SELECT STUDENT-ID, STUDENT-NAME, STUDENT-ADDRESS
      INTO :WS-STUDENT-ID, :WS-STUDENT-NAME, WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS FROM STUDENT
      WHERE STUDENT-ID=1004
   END-EXEC.
   
   IF SQLCODE=0 
      DISPLAY WS-STUDENT-RECORD
   ELSE DISPLAY 'Error'
   END-IF.
STOP RUN.

JCL执行上述COBOL程序:

//SAMPLE JOB(TESTJCL,XXXXXX),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=C
//STEP001  EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01
//STEPLIB  DD DSN=MYDATA.URMI.DBRMLIB,DISP=SHR
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSOUT   DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSTSIN  DD *
    DSN SYSTEM(SSID)
    RUN PROGRAM(HELLO) PLAN(PLANNAME) -
    END
/*

当你编译和执行上面的程序,会产生以下结果:

1004 Chulbul Pandey		Lucknow

以下示例显示了COBOL程序中INSERT查询的用法:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. HELLO.

DATA DIVISION.
   WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
   EXEC SQL
   INCLUDE SQLCA
   END-EXEC.
   
   EXEC SQL
   INCLUDE STUDENT
   END-EXEC.
   
   EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.
      01 WS-STUDENT-REC.
         05 WS-STUDENT-ID PIC 9(4).
         05 WS-STUDENT-NAME PIC X(25).
         05 WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS X(50).
   EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
   MOVE 1005 TO WS-STUDENT-ID.
   MOVE 'TutorialsPoint' TO WS-STUDENT-NAME.
   MOVE 'Hyderabad' TO WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS.
   
   EXEC SQL
      INSERT INTO STUDENT(STUDENT-ID, STUDENT-NAME, STUDENT-ADDRESS)
      VALUES (:WS-STUDENT-ID, :WS-STUDENT-NAME, WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS)
   END-EXEC.
   
   IF SQLCODE=0 
      DISPLAY 'Record Inserted Successfully'
      DISPLAY WS-STUDENT-REC
   ELSE DISPLAY 'Error'
   END-IF.
STOP RUN.

JCL执行上述COBOL程序。

//SAMPLE JOB(TESTJCL,XXXXXX),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=C
//STEP001  EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01
//STEPLIB  DD DSN=MYDATA.URMI.DBRMLIB,DISP=SHR
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSOUT   DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSTSIN  DD *
    DSN SYSTEM(SSID)
    RUN PROGRAM(HELLO) PLAN(PLANNAME) -
    END
/*

当你编译和执行上面的程序,会产生以下结果:

Record Inserted Successfully
1005 TutorialsPoint		Hyderabad

以下示例显示了COBOL程序中UPDATE查询的用法:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. HELLO.

DATA DIVISION.
   WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
   
   EXEC SQL
   INCLUDE SQLCA
   END-EXEC.
   
   EXEC SQL
   INCLUDE STUDENT
   END-EXEC.
   
   EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.
      01 WS-STUDENT-REC.
         05 WS-STUDENT-ID PIC 9(4).
         05 WS-STUDENT-NAME PIC X(25).
         05 WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS X(50).
   EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
   MOVE 'Bangalore' TO WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS.
   EXEC SQL
      UPDATE STUDENT SET STUDENT-ADDRESS=:WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS
      WHERE STUDENT-ID=1003
   END-EXEC.
   
   IF SQLCODE=0 
      DISPLAY 'Record Updated Successfully'
   ELSE DISPLAY 'Error'
   END-IF.
STOP RUN.

JCL执行上述COBOL程序:

//SAMPLE JOB(TESTJCL,XXXXXX),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=C
//STEP001  EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01
//STEPLIB  DD DSN=MYDATA.URMI.DBRMLIB,DISP=SHR
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSOUT   DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSTSIN  DD *
    DSN SYSTEM(SSID)
    RUN PROGRAM(HELLO) PLAN(PLANNAME) -
    END
/*

当你编译和执行上面的程序,会产生以下结果:

Record Updated Successfully

以下示例显示了COBOL程序中DELETE查询的用法:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. HELLO.

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

   EXEC SQL
   INCLUDE SQLCA
   END-EXEC.
   
   EXEC SQL
   INCLUDE STUDENT
   END-EXEC.
   
   EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.
      01 WS-STUDENT-REC.
         05 WS-STUDENT-ID PIC 9(4).
         05 WS-STUDENT-NAME PIC X(25).
         05 WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS X(50).
   EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
   MOVE 1005 TO WS-STUDENT-ID.
   
   EXEC SQL
      DELETE FROM STUDENT
      WHERE STUDENT-ID=:WS-STUDENT-ID
   END-EXEC.
   
   IF SQLCODE=0 
      DISPLAY 'Record Deleted Successfully'
   ELSE DISPLAY 'Error'
   END-IF.
STOP RUN.

JCL执行上述COBOL程序:

//SAMPLE JOB(TESTJCL,XXXXXX),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=C
//STEP001  EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01
//STEPLIB  DD DSN=MYDATA.URMI.DBRMLIB,DISP=SHR
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSOUT   DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSTSIN  DD *
    DSN SYSTEM(SSID)
    RUN PROGRAM(HELLO) PLAN(PLANNAME) -
    END
/*

当你编译和执行上面的程序,会产生以下结果:

Record Deleted Successfully

Cursors(游标)

游标用于一次处理多个行选择。它们是保存查询的所有结果的数据结构,可以在工作存储节或过程部中定义。以下是与游标相关的操作:

  • Declare(声明)
  • Open(打开)
  • Close(关闭)
  • Fetch(提取)

Declare Cursor(声明游标)

游标声明可以在工作存储节或过程部中完成。第一个语句是DECLARE语句,是一个不可执行语句。

EXEC SQL
   DECLARE STUDCUR CURSOR FOR
   SELECT STUDENT-ID, STUDENT-NAME, STUDENT-ADDRESS FROM STUDENT
   WHERE STUDENT-ID >:WS-STUDENT-ID
END-EXEC.

Open(打开)

在使用游标之前,必须执行Open语句。Open语句为执行准备了SELECT。

EXEC SQL
   OPEN STUDCUR
END-EXEC.

Close(关闭)

Close语句释放游标占用的所有内存。在结束程序之前必须关闭游标

EXEC SQL
   CLOSE STUDCUR
END-EXEC.

Fetch(提取)

Fetch语句标识游标并将值放在INTO子句中。Fetch语句是循环编码的,因此我们一次可获取一行。

EXEC SQL
   FETCH STUDCUR
   INTO :WS-STUDENT-ID, :WS-STUDENT-NAME, WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS
END-EXEC.

以下示例显示了游标从STUDENT表中提取所有记录的用法:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. HELLO.

DATA DIVISION.
   WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
   
   EXEC SQL
   INCLUDE SQLCA
   END-EXEC.
   
   EXEC SQL
   INCLUDE STUDENT
   END-EXEC.
   
   EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.
      01 WS-STUDENT-REC.
         05 WS-STUDENT-ID PIC 9(4).
         05 WS-STUDENT-NAME PIC X(25).
         05 WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS X(50).
   EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION
   END-EXEC.
   
   EXEC SQL
      DECLARE STUDCUR CURSOR FOR
      SELECT STUDENT-ID, STUDENT-NAME, STUDENT-ADDRESS FROM STUDENT
      WHERE STUDENT-ID >:WS-STUDENT-ID
   END-EXEC.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
   MOVE 1001 TO WS-STUDENT-ID.
   PERFORM UNTIL SQLCODE = 100
   
   EXEC SQL
      FETCH STUDCUR
      INTO :WS-STUDENT-ID, :WS-STUDENT-NAME, WS-STUDENT-ADDRESS
   END-EXEC
   
   DISPLAY WS-STUDENT-REC
END-PERFORM	
STOP RUN.

JCL执行上述COBOL程序:

//SAMPLE JOB(TESTJCL,XXXXXX),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=C
//STEP001  EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01
//STEPLIB  DD DSN=MYDATA.URMI.DBRMLIB,DISP=SHR
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSOUT   DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSTSIN  DD *
    DSN SYSTEM(SSID)
    RUN PROGRAM(HELLO) PLAN(PLANNAME) -
    END
/*

当你编译和执行上面的程序,会产生以下结果:

1001 Mohtashim M.		Hyderabad
1002 Nishant Malik		Delhi
1003 Amitabh Bachan		Mumbai
1004 Chulbul Pandey		Lucknow
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